PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SACHET WATER SOLD IN ABA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction and Literature Review  –       –       –       1
2. Physical Characteristics of Water     –       –       –       8
3. Temperature    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       9
4. Turbidity  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       9
5. Conductivity    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       10
6. Chemical Characteristics of Water   –       –       –       11
7. Inorganic Nutrients  –       –       –       –       –       –       12
8. Hardness of Water   –       –       –       –       –       –       13
9. Cation      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       15

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   MATERIALS AND METHODS   –       –       –       –       16

2.1   Samples Collection  –       –       –       –       –       –       16

2.2   Samples preservation and Storage   –       –       –       16

2.3   Laboratory Analysis of Water Samples     –       –       17

2.3.1 Temperature   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       20

2.3.2 pH   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       21

2.3.3 Total Hardness       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       21

2.3.4 Calcium Hardness  –       –       –       –       –       –       22

2.3.5 Magnesium Hardness     –       –       –       –       –       23

2.3.6 Total Alkalinity       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       23

2.3.7 Dissolved Oxygen Determination    –       –       –       24

2.3.8 Biochemical Oxygen Determination        –       –       –       25

2.3.9 Chemical Oxygen Determination    –       –       –       26

2.3.10 Nitrate   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28

2.3.11 Sulphate       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       29

2.3.12 Phosphate     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       30

2.3.13 Isolation of Micro-organisms –       –       –       –       31

2.3.14 Catalase        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       32

2.3.15 Coagulase     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       33

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Result      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       34

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   DISCUSSION   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       36

4.1   Conclusion and Recommendation   –       –       –       41

4.2   Recommendation     –       –       –       –       –       –       42

Reference –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       43

Appendix

ABSTRACT

The investigation carried out on the physico-chemical analysis of sachet water sold in Aba were conducted from January to February 2012 on these water samples (DINS, FAMBUS and GRAMCO). Their individual temperature varied from the range of (24.00 to 25.60)0C against (15.28)0C of WHO standard. Their pH were within the range of (6.90 to 7.60) against (7.00, 8.50). Their total hardness were far below standard from the range g2 940.00 to 44.00mgl) against (200.00). Their calcium were within the range of (30.00 to 32.00) against 975.00). Magnesium hardness (8.00 to 16.00), Total alkalinity (16.00 to 19.00), dissolved oxygen demand (12.00 to 18.30), Biochemical oxygen demand (8.95 to 10.50), Chemical oxygen demand (2.00 to 4.00). Their nitrate ranges from )0.0026 to 0.0030) against (10) sulphate were within the range of (0.20 to 0.05), chloride (9.20 to 11.00), phosphate (0.0003 to 0.0025). The other result obtained were the microbial assessment of the three water samples and it shows that in Table 3.2 MacConkey agar was used as an isolation medium and the following test colonial morphology, cell shape, catalase, coagulase was negative in NINS and GRAMCO water but for FAMBUS water the test was positive for catalase, the cell shape was rod like in shape, its colonial morphology shows small pink colour, Escherichia coli was observed as probable organism but was negative for coagulase test. ie in FAMBUS water.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION

Water is a clear, colourless, testless and odorless liquid that is essential for life. Water is among the natural resources that occupies 708 of the earth surface (Willy et al, 2008). The human body needs about three to four litres of water per day for its normal functions. Apart form drinking and body functions, man needs water for various purposes including for use in transportation, recreation, water disposal, hydroelectric system (Onyeagba and Isu 2009).

Water is a good solvent and is often reffered to as the universal solvent. It is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Aquatic plants can live in water because sunlight can reach them. Ultraviolent and infrared light is strongly absorbed. Chemically, water is made up of two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen in the ratio 2:1 the boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the barometric pressure. For example, at the top of mount. Everest water boils at 680C (1540F) compared to 1000C (2120F) at the sea level conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vets can reach temperature of hand reds or degrees and remains liquid.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SACHET WATER SOLD IN ABA